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What (who) is backward computation - definition

TERM FOR SOCIALLY OR EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED CASTES IN INDIA

Backward Class; Other Backward Classes; Backward class; Other Backwards Class; Other Backward Castes; Backward Castes; Backward Caste; Backward Classes; Backward castes; Other backward caste; Other Backward classes; Backward classes; OBC quota; Lower Caste; Other backward class; Backward Class (BC); Most Backward Class (MBC); Denotified Community (DCN); Other Backward Class (OBC); List of Other Backward Classes; List of OBCs; Backward communities; Socially and Educationally Backward Class; Other backward classes; Economically socially backward; Economically backward caste; Most backward caste; Most backward class; Other Backward Caste; Socially backward class; Socially backward caste

Forward–backward algorithm

HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL INFERENCE ALGORITHM WHICH COMPUTES THE POSTERIOR MARGINALS OF ALL HIDDEN STATE VARIABLES GIVEN A SEQUENCE OF OBSERVATIONS, MAKING USE OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TO MAKE ONLY 2 PASSES: ONE FORWARD, ONE BACKWARD

Forward/backward algorithm; Posterior decoding; Forward-backward algorithm

The forward–backward algorithm is an inference algorithm for hidden Markov models which computes the posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissions o_{1:T}:= o_1,\dots,o_T, i.e.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward–backward_algorithm

Backward differentiation formula

NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Backward Differentiation Formula; Gear solver

The backward differentiation formula (BDF) is a family of implicit methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. They are linear multistep methods that, for a given function and time, approximate the derivative of that function using information from already computed time points, thereby increasing the accuracy of the approximation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_differentiation_formula

Backward Euler method

NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Euler backward method; Euler's backward method; Implicit Euler method

In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the backward Euler method (or implicit Euler method) is one of the most basic numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations. It is similar to the (standard) Euler method, but differs in that it is an implicit method.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_Euler_method

Wikipedia

Other Backward Class

The Other Backward Class is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

In the Indian Constitution, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in public sector employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational and economic factors. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as in January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September, 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational institutions, funds meant for OBC students under the reservation policy were not used properly or were underused in cases of upgrading infrastructure as well as in violation of faculty recruitment of OBCs according to the 49% reservation policy.

Until 1985, the affairs of the Backward Classes were looked after by the Backward Classes Cell in the Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate Ministry of Welfare was established in 1985 (renamed in 1998 to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) to attend to matters relating to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs. The Backward Classes Division of the Ministry looks after the policy, planning and implementation of programmes relating to social and economic empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation and the National Commission for Backward Classes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other Backward Class